The Natural Challenges Faced by Arab and European Travelers During Their Journeys Across Libyan Territories (1798–1923)

Abstract

This study explores the main natural difficulties encountered by Arab and European travelers during their journeys across Libyan territories between 1798 and 1923. It focuses on the impact of harsh desert terrain, fluctuating climate conditions, and scarcity of water on the routes and outcomes of these expeditions. Despite these challenges, the travelers managed to adapt by selecting suitable travel times, choosing routes through populated areas, and using tools and equipment to protect themselves from environmental threats. The study relies on the travelers' own accounts to analyze the nature of these hardships and the strategies used to overcome them.